Sub sections:
UNE Referencing
Single Author- Two or Three Authors
- Four or More Authors
- Citing Several Sources
- Multiple works by the Same Author
- Authors with the Same Surname
- Unknown Author
- No Publication Date
- Editions
Rule: Write the author's surname only in text. Initials are recorded in the list of references.
Example:
| In Text | The idea of progree is much overrated (Addington1994:32-33)… Addington (1994:32-33) states that… |
| List of References | Addington, H. 1994, Cultural Cringe: A Study of Change, Routledge, London. |
Rule: Use ‘and’ between authors in your sentence, but an '&' (ampersand) when in brackets. Use an & in the List of References.
Example:
| In Text | King, Hunt and Lee (1992:23) claim … Climate change remains controversial (King, Hunt & Lee 1992:23). |
| List of References | King, T., Hunt, E. & Lee, L.J. 1992, Weather Matters, Harvard University Press, Boston. |
Rule: Cite only the first author’s surname, followed by et al. Record all the authors’ names in the List of References.
Example:
| In Text | Peters et al. (1995:196) base their study on the economic model. This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al. 1995:196). |
| List of References | Peters, C., Suzuki, T., Corrigan, Y.T., Najar, P. & Thomas, E. 1995, New Economies for New Times, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. |
Rule: In text, authors’ names are presented alphabetically and each reference is separated by a semicolon (;).
Example:
| In Text | Policy makers argue that the connection between science and business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb 1997; Noble 1993; Stokes 1997). |
| List of References | Branscomb, I. 1997, Investing in Innovation, Routledge, New York. Noble, B. 1993, America by Design, Knopf, New York. Stokes, D. 1997, Pasteur’s Quadrant, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC. |
Rule: Use a, b, c … to differentiate between works written in the same year.
Example:
| In Text | The idea of progree is much overrated (Addington1994:32-33)… Addington (1994:32-33) states that… |
| List of References | Sheldon, S. 1996, Language Limits, Duckworth, London. Sheldon, S. 1999a, ‘Morphemic resonance: A new dimension’, Discourse Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 67–72. Sheldon, S. 1999b, ‘Rules and tools’, Journal of Semantics, vol. 43, Spring, pp. 23–45. |
Rule: In text, where it is necessary to distinguish one author from the other, use the authors’ initials. Place after the surname when in brackets, and before the surname when in the sentence.
Example: (a) Co-authors of a work
| In Text | Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that … |
| List of References | Scollon, R. & Scollon, S.W. 2001, Intercultural Communication, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford. Retrieved 14 Aug. 2009 from http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Sy81ZI4n214C&pg |
Example: (b) Separate works
| In Text | A recent report (Jones, R.W. 1991:46) indicates … but D.J. Jones (1993:347) has refuted the findings. |
| List of References | Jones, D.J. 1993, Review of Social Needs in the North West Region, FACS, Lismore, NSW. Jones, R.W. 1991, Report to the CARE Centre, DOCS, Armidale, NSW. |
Rule:Cite the name of the organisation that produced the work. If none, then use the title of the work.
DO NOT use the terms ‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.
Example:
| In Text | The NSW Board of Studies (2006:35) advocates an inclusive approach in syllabus design. Reducing friction is essential (‘Pressure care’ 2000:3). |
| List of References | NSW Board of Studies 2006, Syllabus Development Handbook, NSW Board of Studies. Retrieved 14 Aug. 2009 from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/manuals/pdf_doc/syl_dev_handbook.pdf ‘Pressure care’ 2000, New Health Press, Perth. |
Rule: ‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.
Example:
| In Text | Shaw (n.d.) finds that … One study (Shaw n.d.) suggests … |
| List of References | Shaw, O. (n.d.), Reflective Learning, Faber, London. |
Rule: If a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition after the title.
Example:
| In Text | Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln & Atwill 2001:218) |
| List of References | Heffernan, J.A.W., Lincoln, E. J. & Atwill, J. 2001, Writing, a College Handbook, 5th edn, W. W. Norton, New York. |
- Single Author
- Two or Three Authors
- Four or More Authors
- Citing Several Sources
- Multiple works by the Same Author
- Authors with the Same Surname
- Unknown Author
- A Work With No Publication Date
- Editions
- Repeated citation from the same source
Rule: Write the author’s surname only in-text. Full name is recorded in the list of Works Cited.
Example:
| In Text | The idea of progress is much overrated (Addington 32–33). Addington (32–33) states that … |
| List of References | Addington, Henry. Cultural Cringe: A Study of Change. London: Routledge, 1994. Print. |
Rule: Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma Use ‘and’ between authors in your sentence and in the list of Works Cited.
Example:
| In Text | King, Hunt, and Lee (23) claim … Climate change remains controversial (King, Hunt, and Lee 23). |
| List of References | King, Terrence, Edward Hunt, and John L. Lee. Weather Matters. Boston: Harvard UP, 1992. Print. |
Rule: In-text cite only the first author’s surname, followed by ‘et al’. Record all the authors’ names in the list of Works Cited. Use ‘and’ preceded by a comma before the last name.
Example:
| In Text | Peters et al. base their study on the economic model. This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al.). |
| List of References | Peters, Carl, Tomoko Suzuki, Yves T. Corrigan, Peter Najar, and Edgar Thomas. New Economies for New Times. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995. Print. |
Rule: In text, authors’ names are presented alphabetically and each reference is separated by a semicolon (;).
Example:
| In Text | Policy makers argue that the connection between science and business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb; Noble; Stokes). |
| List of References | Branscomb, Ivan. Investing in Innovation. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. Noble, Barry. America by Design. New York: Knopf, 1993. Print. Stokes, David. Pasteur’s Quadrant. Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. P, 1997. Print. |
Rule: In text, put a comma after the author’s name and add the title of the work (if short) or a shortened version and the relevant page number.
In the list of Works Cited, give the name in the first entry only. For subsequent entries, type three hyphens followed by a full stop and the title. The works listed under the same name are alphabetised by title.
Example:
| In Text | In her first study, Sheldon (Language) supports the theory, but her two later studies (“Morphemic Resonance”; “Rules”) modify this claim. |
| List of References | Sheldon, Stephanie. Language Limits. London: Duckworth, 1996. Print. “Morphemic Resonance: A New Dimension.” Discourse Studies 23.4 (1999): 67–72. Print. “Rules and Tools.” Journal of Semantics 43 (1999): 23–45. JSTOR. Web. 17 May 2009. |
Rule: In text, where it is necessary to distinguish one author from the other, use the authors’ initials. Place after the surname when in brackets, and before the surname when in the sentence.
Example: (a) Co-authors of a work
| In Text | Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that … |
| List of References | Scollon, Rosemary, and Simon W. Scollon. Intercultural Communication. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Web. 11 June 2009 |
Example: (b) Separate works
| In Text | A recent report (R. W. Jones) indicated … but Doreen Jones (183-87) has refuted the findings. |
| List of References | Jones, Doreen. Review of Social Needs in the North West Region. Lismore, NSW: FACS, 1993. Print. Jones, Randall W. Report to the CARE Centre. Armidale, NSW: DOCS, 1991. Web. 23 Nov. 2008. |
Rule:Cite the name of the organisation that produced the work. If none, then use the title of the work.
DO NOT use the terms ‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.
Example:
| In Text | The NSW Board of Studies (35) advocates an inclusive approach in syllabus design. |
| List of References | NSW Board of Studies. Syllabus Development Handbook. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies, 2006. Print. Pressure Care. Perth: New Health P, 2000. Web. Web. 18 Sept. 2010. http:www.wa-health.org/pc-pub.php |
Rule: ‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.
Example:
| In Text | Shaw found that … One study (Shaw 34) suggests … |
| List of References | Shaw, Owen. Reflective Learning. London: Faber, n.d. |
Rule: If a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition (xx ed.) after the title, separated by a full-stop, do not italicise.
Example:
| In Text | Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln, and Atwill 218) |
| List of References | Heffernan, Jonathan A., Edward J. Lincoln, and Jane Atwill. Writing, A College Handbook. 5th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001. Print. |
Rule:If you borrow from a single source repeatedly in a single paragraph, you may omit the author’s name after the first mention and only use the page number.
You will have to repeat the name of the author if you introduce another source.
It must pay attention to avoid any ambiguity. If in doubt, repeat the full citation.
Example:
| In Text | Middlemarch represents a microcosm of the social and political changes in the early eighteenth century: “ the expectations of the characters are the expectations of various sections of society in general.” (Thornton 154). Lydgate and Rosamond’s love becomes a “battle of ambition and vanity” (162). |
| List of References | Thornton, Alice. “Eliot’s Paradoxes: Relationships in Middlemarch.” Imperialism and Marriage. Ed. Ian Zuckermann. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2006. 123-71. Print. |
- Single Author
- Two or Three Authors
- Four or More Authors
- Citing Several Sources
- Multiple works by the Same Author
- Authors with the Same Surname
- Unknown Author
- A Work With No Publication Date
- Editions
- The DOI System
Rule: Write the author’s surname only in-text. Initials are recorded in the Reference List.
Example:
| In Text | The idea of progress is much overrated (Addington 1994, 32–33). Addington (1994, 32–33) states that … |
| List of References | Addington, Henry. 1994. Cultural Cringe: A Study of Change. London: Routledge. |
Rule:Use ‘and’ between authors in your sentence and in the Reference List.
Make sure to place the comma before ‘and’.
Example:
| In Text | King, Hunt and Lee (1992, 23) claim … Climate change remains controversial (King, Hunt, and Lee 1992, 23). |
| List of References | King, Terrence, Edward Hunt, and John Lee. 1992. Weather Matters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
Rule:Cite only the first author’s surname, followed by et al.
Record all the authors’ names in the Reference List.
Example:
| In Text | Peters et al. (1995) base their study on the economic model. This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al. 1995). |
| List of References | Peters, Carl, Tomoko Suzuki, Yves T. Corrigan, Peter Najar, and Edgar Thomas. 1995. New Economies for New Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
Rule: In text, authors’ names are presented alphabetically and each reference is separated by a semicolon (;).
Example:
| In Text | Policy makers argue that the connection between science and business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb 1997; Noble 1993; Stokes 1997). |
| List of References | Branscomb, Ivan. 1997. Investing in Innovation. New York: Routledge. Noble, Barry. 1993. America by Design. New York: Knopf Stokes, David. 1997. Pasteur’s Quadrant. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, |
Rule: Use a, b, c … to differentiate between works written in the same year.
Use 3-Em dash instead of repeating the same author’s name followed by a full stop in the Reference List only. Use full name in in-text citation.
Please be careful when using the 3-em dash – only use it in the very final editing stages.
Example:
| In Text | In her first study, Sheldon (1996) supports the theory, but her two later studies (1999a, 1999b) modify this claim. |
| List of References | Sheldon, Stephanie. 1996. Language Limits. London: Duckworth. ———. 1999a. “Morphemic Resonance: A New Dimension.” Discourse Studies, 23 (4) 67–72. ———. 1999b. “Rules and Tools.” Journal of Semantics, 43 (Spring) 23–45. |
Rule: In text, where it is necessary to distinguish one author from the other, use the authors’ initials. Place after the surname when in brackets, and before the surname when in the sentence.
Example: (a) Co-authors of a work
| In Text | Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that … |
| List of References | Scollon, Rosemary, and Simon W. Scollon. 2001, Intercultural Communication. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Sy81ZI4n214C&pg=PP1&dq=scollon+%26+scollon#v=onepage&q=&f=false |
Example: (b) Separate works
| In Text | A recent report (R. W. Jones 1991) indicated … but the findings have been refuted (D.J. Jones 1993). |
| List of References | Jones, David J. 1993. Review of Social Needs in the North West Region. Lismore, NSW: FACS. Jones, Randall W. 1991. Report to the CARE Centre. Armidale, NSW: DOCS |
Rule: Cite the name of the organisation that produced the work. If none, then use the title of the work.
DO NOT use the terms ‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.
Example:
| In Text | The NSW Board of Studies (2006, 35) advocates an inclusive approach in syllabus design. |
| List of References | NSW Board of Studies. 2006. Syllabus Development Handbook. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies. http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/manuals/pdf_doc/syl_dev_handbook.pdf Pressure Care. 2000. Perth: New Health Press. |
Rule: ‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.
Example:
| In Text | Shaw (n.d.) found that … One study (Shaw n.d.) suggests … |
| List of References | Shaw, Owen. (n.d.), Reflective Learning. London: Faber. |
Rule: If a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition after the title.
Example:
| In Text | Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln, and Atwill 2001, 218) |
| List of References | Heffernan, Jonathan A., Edward J. Lincoln, and Jane Atwill. 2001. Writing, A College Handbook. 5th ed. New York: W. W. Norton. |
Rule: A DOI is a unique set of numbers assigned to identify content and provide permanent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic article.
Example:
Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
If no DOI, use the home page URL for the electronic journal or book publisher
- Single Author
- Two or Three Authors
- Four or More Authors
- Citing Several Sources
- Multiple works by the Same Author
- Authors with the Same Surname
- Unknown Author
- A Work With No Publication Date
- Editions
- The DOI System
Rule: Write the author’s surname only in-text. Initials are recorded in the Reference List.
Example:
| In Text | The idea of progress is much overrated (Addington 1994, pp. 32–3). Addington (1994, pp. 32–3) states that … |
| List of References | Addington, H 1994, Cultural cringe: a study of change, Routledge, London. |
Rule: Use ‘and’ between authors in your sentence, but an ‘&’ (ampersand) when in brackets. Use an ‘&’ in the Reference List.
Example:
| In Text | King, Hunt and Lee (1992, p. 23) claim … Climate change remains controversial (King, Hunt & Lee 1992, p. 23). |
| List of References | King, T, Hunt, E & Lee, LJ 1992, Weather matters, Harvard University Press, Boston. |
Rule: In-text cite only the first author’s surname, followed by ‘et al’. Record all the authors’ names in the Reference List. Use an ‘&’ before the last name.
Example:
| In Text | Peters et al. (1995) base their study on the economic model. This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al. 1995). |
| List of References | Peters, C, Suzuki, T, Corrigan, YT, Najar, P & Thomas, E 1995, New economies for new times, University of Chicago Press. |
Rule: In text, authors’ names are presented alphabetically and each reference is separated by a semicolon (;).
Example:
| In Text | Policy makers argue that the connection between science and business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb 1997; Noble 1993; Stokes 1997). |
| List of References | Branscomb, I 1997, Investing in innovation, Routledge, New York. Noble, B 1993, America by design, Knopf, New York. Stokes, D 1997, Pasteur’s quadrant, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC. |
Rule: Use a, b, c … to differentiate between works written in the same year.
Example:
| In Text | In her first study, Sheldon (1996) supports the theory, but her two later studies (1999a; 1999b) modify this claim. |
| List of References | Sheldon, S 1996, Language Limits, Duckworth, London. Sheldon, S 1999a, ‘Morphemic resonance: a new dimension’, Discourse Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 67–72. Sheldon, S 1999b, ‘Rules and tools’, Journal of Semantics, vol. 43, Spring, pp. 23–45. |
Rule: In text, where it is necessary to distinguish one author from the other, use the authors’ initials. Place after the surname when in brackets, and before the surname when in the sentence.
Example: (a) Co-authors of a work
| In Text | Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that … |
| List of References | Scollon, R & Scollon, SW 2001, Intercultural communication, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford, viewed 11 June 2009, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Sy81ZI4n214C&pg=PP1&dq=scollon+%26+scollon#v=onepage&q=&f=false |
Example: (b) Separate works
| In Text | A recent report (Jones, RW 1991) indicated … but DJ Jones (1993) has refuted the findings. |
| List of References | Jones, DJ 1993, Review of social needs in the North West region, FACS, Lismore, NSW. Jones, RW 1991, Report to the CARE centre, DOCS, Armidale, NSW. |
Rule: Cite the name of the organisation that produced the work. If none, then use the title of the work.
DO NOT use the terms ‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.
Example:
| In Text | The NSW Board of Studies (2006, p. 35) advocates an inclusive approach in syllabus design. |
| List of References | NSW Board of Studies 2006, Syllabus development handbook, NSW Board of Studies, Sydney, viewed 18 September 2010, http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/manuals/pdf_doc/syl_dev_hbook.pdf Pressure care 2000, New Health Press, Perth. |
Rule: ‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.
Example:
| In Text | Shaw (n.d.) found that … One study (Shaw n.d.) suggests … |
| List of References | Shaw, O n.d., Reflective learning, Faber, London. |
Rule: If a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition (xx edn) after the title, separated by a comma, do not italicise.
Example:
| In Text | Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln & Atwill 2001, p. 218) |
| List of References | Heffernan, JAW, Lincoln, EJ & Atwill, J 2001, Writing, a college handbook, 5th edn, W. W. Norton, New York. |
Rule: A DOI is a unique set of numbers assigned to identify content and provide a permanent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic article.
Example:
Use this format for the DOI in references: DOI xxxxxxx
For more information on how to find a DOI, please visit the APA Style Guide blog entry on finding DOIs:
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/12/how-to-find-a-doi.html
If no DOI, use the home page URL for the electronic journal or book publisher