Secondary references
These are ideas or quotations from one author that you find in another author’s work. If you are unable to consult the original source, then reference both the author of the idea (the primary source) followed by the author of the work where you read the idea (the secondary source).
"Streaming can virtually be regarded as the institutionalised form of the competitive academic curriculum" (Connell, 1985, p.92, as cited in Smith, 1998, p.109).
Cite only the secondary source in the list of references:
Smith K. (1998). Radical views in education, London, UK: Macmillan.
This is because you did not actually read the book by Connell yourself.
Lectures
Lectures are a form of personal communication and are referred to thus:
In a lecture on 25th May 1999, Jane Elliott pointed out that racism is subtly entrenched in primary education.
You do not include them in the list of references.
