Here are some examples of how to introduce in-text references.
Paraphrase
Critical reflection on one’s own teaching is an essential professional attribute which must be constantly practised ( Harding, 1998, p.348).
McConaghy (1998, p.132) argues that in the past, Indigenous Australians have been subjected to the use of shame in order to control them.
(Note: in this second example, because the author’s name is a grammatical part of the sentence, it is not placed within the brackets.)
Short quotation
We must not underestimate the long-term effects of early socialisation: "in everyday interactions, including play, children experiment with and create their own ideas about power" (Clarke, 1990, p.84).
Clarke argues that "in everyday interactions, including play, children experiment with and create their own ideas about power" (1990, p.84).
(Note that when you end a sentence with an in-text reference, the full stop goes after the brackets.)
Long quotation
Long quotations (of three or more lines) are separated from your own text and indented from the left margin. They are always single spaced.
Attitudes to learning are also nurtured outside the classroom:
Parental support and encouragement for children to do well and continue with school is perhaps one of the most important factors influencing children’s attitudes towards school. Obviously, community values are of paramount importance. If children receive messages from their cultural community that it is good to do well at school, and that their life chances will be enhanced by successful schooling, they will stand a greater chance of success. (McInerney & McInerney, 1998, p.283)
Thus it is very important for teachers to stay in touch with both parents and community organisations.
References for long quotations differ from short ones in two other ways:
1. The full stop is before the reference brackets.
2. Quotation marks are NOT used around long quotations.
