For the nobility of the Roman Republic virtus was the achievement of great deeds, according to a right standard of condct, in the service of the state. By demonstrating virtus Rome's statesmen could achieve lasting fame, election to high office, and ennoble their houses forever. This unit examines the competition for military, judicial religious, and political office amongst the Roman nobility, and the rising tide of violence that led to the overthrow of the Republic. Particular attention is paid to the theory and practice of Roman politics and government prior to the battle of Actium (31BC), the importance of friendship and enmities in Roman public life, and how the ethos of virtus shaped the careers of Rome's governing elite.