This unit is designed to provide an introduction to and an understanding of the basic concepts, procedures and applications of Geographical Information Systems. Subject matter includes: spatial data properties, map projection and coordinates, spatial data models and data structures, data collection and transformation, data manipulation and overlays, spatial statistics, Digital Terrain Models, spatial modelling, and display and mapping of geographic information in a computer-based environment. Students will develop basic and practical skills of handling spatial data in a specific GIS environment and analysing the usefulness of the technology in the fields of environmental and resource modelling and management, and urban and regional planning. EM 534 is based on the undergraduate unit EM 234 with additional load consisting of extra questions on assignments and examinations; candidates for EM 534 are expected to demonstrate a greater level of understanding of the unit material than that required for EM 234.