CHEM 123 is a foundation level bridging unit designed for students entering science-based degree programs who have a weak background in chemistry. It is offered only in the external mode in Second Semester of each year, and is available to both internal and external students. The unit is also offered externally as a fee-paying unit throughout the year. Its emphasis is on providing a strong working knowledge and competency in general chemistry to a level appropriate for the study of chemistry at a tertiary level. Successful completion of this unit will allow entry into CHEM 110. It is assessed by compulsory assignments and an examination. Topics covered include introductory general chemistry: fundamentals of chemistry; units and measurements; energy and matter; chemical reactions and equations; chemical composition and quantities; atomic theory and bonding; gases, liquids, solids and solutions; equilibrium; acids and bases; redox and electrochemical principles. Note: A similar short course, CHEM 123S is also offered externally on a fee-paying basis with flexible enrolment at any time throughout the year. For full details of flexible enrolment, completion time and attainment level for the short course see the Chemistry Web pages.